Literals

Integers

42
-17
0
1_000_000

All integer types are stored as i128 at runtime. The type distinctions (I64, I32, ℤ, ℕ) exist for documentation and type checking but share the same runtime representation.

Floats

3.14
-0.5
2.0
1.5e-10

Booleans

Unicode	ASCII
⊤	true
⊥	false

Characters

'a'
'π'
'∀'
'\n'     # Newline

Strings

"hello world"
"Goth supports Unicode: αβγ"
"Escape sequences: \n \t \\"

Strings are internally represented as character tensors.

Escape Sequences

Escape	Character
\n	Newline
\t	Tab
\\	Backslash
\"	Double quote
\r	Carriage return

Imaginary Literals

Complex and quaternion imaginary units use 𝕚, 𝕛, 𝕜 (blackboard bold) or ASCII i, j, k suffixed to a number:

4𝕚                    # Complex: 0 + 4𝕚
3.14𝕚                 # Complex: 0 + 3.14𝕚
2𝕛                    # Quaternion: 0 + 0𝕚 + 2𝕛 + 0𝕜
5𝕜                    # Quaternion: 0 + 0𝕚 + 0𝕛 + 5𝕜

ASCII fallback (digit-prefixed only):

4i                    # Same as 4𝕚
2j                    # Same as 2𝕛
3k                    # Same as 3𝕜

Standalone Unicode imaginary units default to coefficient 1:

𝕚                     # Same as 1𝕚
𝕛                     # Same as 1𝕛
𝕜                     # Same as 1𝕜

Build complex numbers with arithmetic:

3 + 4𝕚                # Complex(3, 4)
1 + 2𝕚 + 3𝕛 + 4𝕜    # Quaternion(1, 2, 3, 4)

Bare i, j, k without a leading digit remain ordinary identifiers.

Unit

()
⟨⟩

Arrays

[1, 2, 3]
[[1, 2], [3, 4]]
[3 4 ; 0]           # 3×4 array filled with 0

See Data Structures for full details.